file:///C:/Users/sham/Documents/CALENDAR%202012a.htm

All industries can be thought of as a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.

INPUTS

Inputs are the things that go into the system. The main three inputs are:

Processes are all the things that happen to those inputs to help turn them into outputs. These include:

Feedback includes anything that refines or improves the system, such as:

EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURES

INDUSTRIAL LOCATIONAL FACTORS

Different industries require different inputs. Industries are more likely to locate where these inputs are readily and cheaply available. Factors that influence where an industry locates include:

NEWLY  INDUSTRIALISED  COUNTRIES (NIC)

Diagram 2

Question

1. Can you name other NICs countries in diagram 2?

2. In which region, most of NICs countries are located?

THE FEATURES/ CHARACTERISTICS OF NICs Countries

NICs usually share some other common features, including:

The sector approach classifies industries according their technology intensity, product approach according to finished products.

The growth of tourism has increased in the past few years due to;

• People have more disposable income (spare cash) than they used to, so can afford to go on holidays.

• Companies  gives more paid holidays than they used to

• Travel has become cheaper (particular air travel) so more people can afford to go on holiday.

• Holiday providers e.g. tour companies and hotels , now use the internet to sell their products to people directly which makes them cheaper.  This means more people can afford to go away.

• Improvement in transport have made it quicker and easier to get to places.

• Countries in more unusual tourist destination like Middle east and Africa have got better at marketing themselves as tourist attractions. This means people are more aware of them.

• Many countries have invested in infrastructure for tourism (e.g. better hotels) to make them more attractive to visitors.

The important of Tourism to the economies of many countries are

i) Create jobs for local people which help the economy to grow.

ii) Bring money into the local economy

iii) Improvement in infrastructures such as improved roads, communications for tourist as well benefit to the local people.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST INDUSTRY IN A COUNTRY

Physical factors

Attractive natural scenery such as Green hills, beautiful valleys, white sandy beaches, undersea diving spot

Pleasant climate such as countries with cool temperate with their distinct four seasons. The warm tropical climate with its sunny weather appeals to tourist from the cooler temperate countries.

Cultural factors

Historical places of interests especially the history of the country like ancient ruins, monuments and archaeological site.

Religious building, place of worship such as churches, cathedrals, temples, shrines and mosques are often included in the visitor itinerary of most package tours to a country.

Cultural centres often have a glorious historical past and many people are fascinated by that, Beijing (chinese Dynasties, Cairo (the pyramid)

Entertainments certain cities are best known for their unique brand of entertainment that many tourists want to see e.g. Los Angeles, Paris

Economic factors

Infrastructure in term of place can only have tourist potentials if its accessible to the tourists. A good network of roads, railways and seaways are important to provide easy accessibility to visitors.

Accommodation facilities including hotels, lodging houses, budget inns, rest house and chalets provide a wide range of accommodation for tourist to choose.

Shopping facilities e.g. local shops that sell local products, souvenirs and handicrafts are most frequented by foreign tourists.  Shopping malls complete with multi-storey shops and supermarkets are patronised  by both local folk as well as tourist.

Eating places which provide with all meals daily like local delicacies such as tom yam in Thailand, satay in Malaysia, Nasi Katok in Brunei.

Other economic facilities which include services such as tour guiding,banking, postal services, good communication network ( internet, roaming services) local entertainment (cinema, operas, cultural dances , night clubs), swimming pools and sport facilities.

THE BENEFITS OF TOURISM TO A COUNTRY

Tourism is a labour intensive industry providing employment for the people in so many sectors of the economy such as the following.

a)      Tourist agencies – tour operators , tour guides and the entire staff in the travel agencies from managers to ticketing officers and other administrative staff serve the needs of tourists.

b)      Transport workers- tourists arriving at the airport are taken care of by the airport staff, by coach drivers to see the place of interests.

a)      Hotel operators- services are rendered by people in the hotels such as receptionists, cashiers, porters, chamber maids , security, offices and many others who are involved in the maintenance of the hotel and is day to day administration.

b)      Food caterers- chefs and waitresses serve in the restaurants, coffee houses , bars , buffet parties and other food outlets where the tourist go such as hawker centres, cafes and bazaars.

c)       Trader- people who work in shops and souvenirs stalls patronized by the tourists in all tourist spot to cater the tourists’ shopping needs.

d)      Entertainers – dancers, musicians, cinema operators and instructors for local sports , games and performers in night clubs, stage shows and other entertaining activities make entertainment possible.

e)      Other related activities – construction of hotels, restaurants, shopping centres and other entertainment places. Airports have to do be extended and more roads built to cater to the ever increasing number of visitors. Their constructions provide employment for the construction workers, engineers and others.

1. It provide source of foreign earnings for the country. Tourists bring into country large quantities of foreign exchange as they have to spend more money on airfares, hotels, restaurants, night clubs, entertainment, souvenirs and shopping.

2. Tourism promotes cultural exchange among people of the world. It creates better understanding , foster goodwill and generates greater tolerance amongst people, Buildings and tourist attractions created by tourist boom also benefit the locals.

THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON A COUNTRY

1. The tourist boom necessitates the construction of hotels, roads, shops and other tourist facilities. Valuable land for agricultural and industrial has to make way for their construction. The growth of tourism has threatened the tranquility of countryside and the once quiet beaches.

2. The influx of tourist to such a popular tourist spots such as wayside castles, uphill palace and traditional houses in the countryside have rapidly eroded the footpaths and lead to the silent deterioration of many of these preserved historical buildings. It is said that some parts of the stone pave way in the Forbidden City of Beijing have been so bad trampled by thousands of tourist every day in recent years that they have to be cordoned off for repair and some are even closed to visitors totally.

3. In many public parks, gardens and national forest reserves, the influx of tourists over the years has ruined many species of plants. Heavy penalties have to be imposed to deter vandalism and to prevent further deterioration of the natural habitat.

4. During the peak tourist seasons, many tourists frequented places are overcrowded with people. There are long queues for food, traffic jams on the roads and unruly crowds in shopping centres. Local folks who live in the neighbourhood suffer much from the noise pollution, vandalism, thefts and price inflation.

5. To cater to high demand by tourist for local crafts such as batiks, handicrafts, potteries, basketry and other traditional products, these items are now mass produced by machines instead of being hand made. It might ruin the reputation of the quality of local crafts and tarnish the name of the country. Tourist who these inferior quality products do not think much of the country.

6. Scantily dressed tourists on beaches and the streets are disliked by the local people.

7. Tourism is often a seasonal affair. It has its boom times and slump periods. During slumps, when there are few tourists, shop, close down, places are deserted and people lose their jobs and the economy suffers.

THE REASONS FOR BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TOWARDS TOURISM INDUSTRY

1. Create new sector of employment in Tourism industries and reduce the problem of unemployment in Brunei Darussalam.

2. Diversification of the economy as well as encouraging foreign investment and developing education and human resources. These measures are designed to prepare the nation for the challenges of the future when the oil and gas reserves will have been depleted and new sources of income will be needed to maintain the current high standards of living enjoyed by Bruneians.

3. To promote Ecotourism Haven where the visitors can explore this untouched natural paradise in a walk in Temburong National Park which houses one of the world’s richest and most diverse ecosystems, a stroll along beautiful lakeside walkways of Tasek Merimbun in Tutong, a longboat ride down a winding jungle river surrounded by lush rainforests or relaxing on the lapping shores of Muara beach, basking in its tranquility.

Agriculture, or farming, is a primary industry. Farmers cultivate crops and rear animals to produce food and other products.

Agriculture is affected by many of the same factors and concerns  as other types of industry.

There are a range of agricultural operations from large commercial farms to small subsistence farms.

All of these farms work to supply the constant demand for agricultural produce.

FARMING SYSTEM

Like any other industry, farming is a system of inputs, processes and outputs.

Inputs will be physical (land, sun, rain), human (labour) and capital (money for livestock and feed, seeds, equipment, wages).

Processes are the activities on the farm that turn inputs into outputs. For example, feeding and caring for the animals or planting and tending to the crops.

Outputs are products farmers sell at market or use to feed and clothe their families. Barley, hops, wheat, hay and straw are products from crops and meat, wool, leather and cheese are products from animals.

Farms can be categorised according to what is being grown or reared, the size of the operation and the agricultural techniques being used.

Farming can be:

•    sedentary or nomadic

•    subsistence or commercial

•    arable, pastoral or mixed

•    extensive or intensive

Factors that are affecting farming

a) Physical

Like other primary industries, farming is highly dependent on physical inputs such as:

•    Weather and climate

•    Slope or relief of the land

•    Soil fertility

•    Water and drainage

These inputs are naturally occurring, so farmers must work with the physical factors of their farm’s location.

They can intervene in these inputs – for example by growing crops in a polytunnel (plastic tunnel greenhouse) to protect them from frosts and improve plant growth.

However, such human interventions require extra inputs in the form of money or work.

b) Human

Like physical factors, these vary according to the type of farm and the country where the farm is located. Factors include:

•    Government policy – eg EU subsidies and loans and US tax reductions.

•    Labour – some farms require more labour than others, eg a market garden will employ more labourers than a hill sheep farm.

•    Finance – money is needed for wages, seed, buildings, animal feed, fertilizers, pesticides and machinery.

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

The Potential Development and investment of Agricultural activities in Brunei Darussalam are;

•LAND : The Government will assist bona fide investors to obtain suitable sites and lands for various agri-businesses.

•INFRASTRUCTURE : The Government will consider providing the basic infrastructure including roads, drainage, irrigation, water and electricity supply.

•ACCESSIBILITY: Brunei Darussalam is easily accessible by sea ports, airport and roads. Brunei Darussalam also has a best infrastructure for ICT.

•LABOUR AND HRO : The country has a large pool of educated workforce to support modern agribusiness development. In addition, the Government has a liberal policy for labours and permit large numbers of cheap migrant workers to support its economic development.

•STRONG ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS : Brunei Darussalam has huge trade surpluses to finance its development programmes without having to borrow. However, the Government is seriously pursuing economic development programmes to diversify its petroleum-based economy.

•FINANCIAL : The national currency is sound, backed by strong foreign reserves. Financial institutions are well regulated and have the capacity to support private sector development.

•TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT : The Government is supportive in agricultural R&D including post-harvest technology. The private sector has easy access to asset-based technology and enjoys a free flow of knowledge and information. Other supportive programmes include agromarketing, entrepreneur development and developing industrial standards.

•LEGAL PROTECTION : Brunei Darussalam has an established legal framework with the rule of laws to safeguard investments and intellectual properties.

•PUBLIC POLICIES : Public policies are investors friendly including generous tax incentives and pioneer status . Investors also enjoy a freehand on management.

•SOCIAL FACTOR : Brunei Darussalam enjoys time-proven political stability and social cohesiveness that favour foreign and domestic investments.

The sectors that have been developed are:

 The Horticulture

Primary Production

Fruits

Vegetables (Fresh Hydroponics Products, Mushroom, etc)

Floriculture (Ornamentals & Cut Flowers, Orchids, Tissue Culture products, etc)

Field & Miscellaneous Crop (Corn, Nuts, Tuber, Ginger, Lemon Grass, Sugar Cane, etc)

Processing

Fruits and Vegetables (Juices, Cordial & Other Condiments, Canning, Sauce, Pickles, Dried, Snacks, etc)

Services

Marketing (Packaging of Fresh Products, Product Distribution, Whole Sale Market, etc)

Production Input (Organic Fertilizer, Pesticide and Fungicide, Seeds Seedling, Equipments and Machine, etc)

The livestock

Primary Production

Ruminants (Buffalo, Goat, Dairy Cow, Deer)

Non-Ruminants (Free Range Chicken, Breeder, Duck, Quail, Rabbit)

Processing

Beef / Meat / Broiler (Frozen, Sausage, Nuggets, Mince, Corn Beef, Satay, Belutak, Lalap, Serunding, etc

Abbatoir (Chicken, Buffalo, etc)

Milk (Yoghurt, Pasteurized, Cheese, Butter, Cosmetics, Ice-cream, Chocolate

Egg (Salted Eggs, Egg Powder, Century Eggs)

Leather (Shoes, Hand-bags, Purse, Gloves)

Animal Feed (Poultry & Ruminant, etc)

Services

Veterinary (Medicine, Vaccine)

Pet Shop

FOOD CONSUMPTION IN LDCs and MDCs

Food Consumption per capita in MDCs is much higher than it is in LDCs

About 20% of the world’s population consumes nearly 50% of the meat and fish in the world, whereas the poorest 20% consumes only about 5% of the meat and fish in the world.

There has been an increase in food consumption among the people in the world from 1960′s till today but the rate of increase varies among different region

What constitute a balanced diet?

1. carbohydrates; source of energy

2. Proteins; source of material for growth and repair

3. Fats; sources of energy and contain fat soluble vitamins

4. Vitamins require to keep healthy

5. Mineral salts; required for teeth, bones, muscles etc

6. Fibre; is required to help your intestines function correctly.

CHANGING FOOD PREFERENCES

In MDCs

People have been consuming food with a higher proportion of fats over the last few decades. Due to that high consumption of fats (heart diseases & diabetes)

People start to take organic food as healthier choice of diet

People have a variety of food imported from all over the world. They are exposed to all kinds of foods today.

In LDCs

Th staple food in Asia is rice & hence there are longer proportion of carbohydrates in their food .There have been changes in consumption of such foods over the last two decades. examples like roots such as sweet potatoes & yam have become part of diet.

Vegetables (fruit and leaf) have also become popular in Asian diets

Meat and fish’s are increasingly consumed in Asia as well.

HOW FACTORS SUCH AS FOOD PRODUCTION AND FOOD DISTRIBUTION AFFECT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FOOD CONSUMPTION

Factors for variations in global food production

a) Economic Power

People in the DCs have more purchasing power than people in the LDCs

People in wealthier countries can afford more food as well as more expensive types of meat , fruit and vegetables.

b) Food Security

Refers to adequate supply of food to a population regardless of other factors affecting its production and distribution. examples, the availability of food from other parts of the world, the mean of transport food where it is needed, together with the ability to pay for the food, give a country food security

Food security is affected by a range of factors both physical and human

i) Physical factor- severe weather disruption and diseases like drought.

ii) Human factor- occurrence of wars and lack of distribution networks.

c) Natural Events Drought and floods are two natural event that may affect both production and consumption in a region

d) Socio-Political factors Migration of rural urban can cause labour shortages and reduce productivity in the rural areas In the developed countries, rural depopulation has been linked to greater productivity due to more mechanised farm processes replacing manual labour and enabling faster completion of tasks to such as planting and harversting

Political factors can affect food stability positively and negatively

i) In economies where market conditions are stronger, example countries in EU (European Union) government influence food production by incentives such as tax holidays, subsidies and guaranteed prices for the production of certain food products.

ii) Free trade agreement can significantly increase the variety of food made available to the consumers. Australia consumers are now able to buy a range of fruit and vegetables from the United State of America despite the long distance and prices can be much lower than in other countries.

e) Technology Technological advances in farming methods can greatly increase food production. Over last 50 years , most farmers in Developed countries have mechanised their farming processes and applied advanced technology to their farming methods Applying such technology in farming regions has lead to an increase in the production of foodstuffs , as well as a more uniform quality of food.

f) Provision for future Needs The Developed countries are wealthy enough to purchase food from world markets several years in advance. When there are food shortage and prices rise, they are still able to provide food for their population. Countries in EU(European Union) and North America are also large scale food producers  are able to store large stockpiles of food in warehouse and silos.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTENSITY OF FOOD PRODUCTION

a) PHYSICAL FACTORS

i) Relief

Lowland areas as such floodplains of Bangladesh are some of the Earth’s most productive areas. For it to be highly productive, they must also receive the right amount of moisture for crops to grow successfully.

ii) Climate

Temperatures need to be warm enough for plants to grow and develop.

In Tropics, high temperatures are common but further away from the Equator and the tropics temperatures vary with seasons and this restricts the number of crops that can be grown in a year as well as the types of crops.

Soil

The type of soil in an area can greatly affect the intensity of food production.

Soil with many rocks and stones will be unsuitable for cultivation by machinery and is probably best left as grazing land for animals

Clayey soil due to their fine grain, refrain water. This makes it very suitable for growing wet rice.

b) SOCIAL FACTORS

i) Land tenure

Farmers who own land have greater incentives to make a profit and are more likely to invest in new equipment and techniques.

Farm land that is rented out to tenants may or may not be as successful as land owned by a farmer or farming family.

Often tenant farmer little incentives to improve the land they rent, and this in turn affects the productivity of the land.

ii) Land fragmentation

If land is equally sub- divided among the farmer’s heir, there can be a reduction in farm size and a fragmentation of holdings after several generations.

With small size of land, farmers cannot use high tech methods.

High tech methods of production require large tracks of land to reap economies of scale.

c) ECONOMIC FACTORS

i) Land Availability

Competition for land to produce food crop is high. Often, industrial crops such as cotton and oil palm may prove more profitable than food crops. As a result, many land owner s prefer to grow industrial crops instead of food crops.

Farming land near cities may also be lost to other land uses such as industrial expansion and new residential development.

ii) Demand

A high demand for a certain crop encourages farmer to increase its output and productivity, so that they can sell more and earn more money.

Coffee production has expanded significantly in Brazil, India and other tropical countries when demand for coffee as a beverage has increased rapidly in the USA, Europe and other countries.

iii) Pricing of food products

It depends largely on the demand for these products from buyers.

If many farmers throughout the world produce sugar, there may be a surplus and the price will fall.

But if natural disasters such drought and floods occur, this can affect the supply of farm goods in the world market. When food becomes scarce, price will increase.

iv) Capital

Capital refers to money, machinery, equipment and buildings used by farmers to grow crops and raise animals.

In Developed countries, farmer can quite easily obtain loans from agricultural banks and organisations. This allow farmers to upgrade their farming methods and equipment and hence able to produce more.

In LDCs money for farm development may be less readily available to individual farmers. Borrowing from local money lenders can lead to greater debt as high interest rates are usually charged. Indebtedness reduces the likelihood of agricultural progress.

d) POLITICAL FACTORS

Government policies  and decisions affect farmers and the productivity of their holding in a number of ways. These include:

Financing and building infrastructure such as dam for irrigation.

Subsiding food production by paying farmers to produce a certain crop or by paying some of their costs, such as storage or marketing.

Controlling the trade in food items. The countries within European Union import food products from countries outside the Union only when that product is not available from its member countries.

Providing low cost loans, grants and or tax advantages help farmer to purchase machinery or repair eroded land.

Setting up agricultural training colleges for new farmers, forming advisory groups to deal with problems, such as soil erosion.

e) TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

The technology has changes in the amount of food production in many parts of the earth.

Technological advances include a wide range of developments such as computerised sprinkler system and development of hybrid seeds through green revolution.

Green revolution has helped many farmers in LDCs of Asia increase the output of rice. The new technologies introduced high yielding varieties of rice (HYV) , chemical fertilisers, pesticides and modern irrigation state.

IMPACT OF FOOD CONSUMPTION ON PEOPLE IN LDCs and MDCs

The impacts of differences in food supply are considerable . The Developed countries may have too much food, while on the other hand, 800 million people regularly go to bed hungry in the LDCs.

a) OBESITY

This is more common in MDCs than in LDCs

Obesity refers to excessive body fat in relation to body mass, increase the risk of health conditions, i.e. coronary heart disease, stroke and diabetes

The food consumed by the MDCs are often sugar based processed foods, containing too much protein and fats. As a result, many children and adults in the Developed countries grossly overweight or obese.

Economic Effects

The estimate range of annual expenditure on diet products will be increase from $40 billion to $100 billion in the US alone. The medical cost attributable to obesity will be increasing too.

Cost of treating: Obesity prevention programs have been found to reduce the cost of treating obesity related disease. The longer the people live, the more medical they incur and reducing obesity may improve public health and reduce overall health spending.

Lack of energy for working: Obesity can lead to disadvantages in employment. Obesity workers on average have higher rates of absenteeism from work and take more disability leave, thus increasing cost for employers and decreasing productivity.

In MDCs help for those affected by obesity has mainly come in the form of public education promoting a healthy lifestyle and weight loss companies such as weight watchers or the biggest loser television show.

Dieting and physical exercise are the mainstay of treatment for obesity.

b) STARVATION

Severe shortage of food intake leading to death. Hunger  brought on by the lack of food creates exhaustion and pain.

Overtime, this leads to malnutrition which can be life threatening.

The people in such countries have skeletal appearances and their health may become permanently damaged.

c) MALNUTRITION

Condition whereby a lack of food or an imbalanced diet result in poor health.

Eating  disorder cause by malnutrition.

Why do many parts of Sub Saharan Africa suffer from Malnutrition?

The high birth rate and falling death rate means there are many people to be fed.

Few farmers have the money to buy high yielding seeds, fertiliser, pesticides or machinery or implement of irrigation schemes.

When food is scarce neither government nor people can afford to buy high priced surplus from overseas.

The soil is overused in the past and few nutrient remains. In places soil erosion has led to desertification.

Many areas, receive small and unreliable amounts of rainfall.

Pest and diseases destroy crops and stored grain.

Often there is not enough protein in the diet.

In many countries there is political instability.

Children under 5 years old are particularly susceptible to malnutrition. Children fall ill either because their diet contains too few proteins, which are particularly important during early stages of growth. The effect includes:

Kwashiorkor result from predominance of cereals (e.g. rice) and a deficiency of protein (e.g. milk, eggs and meat)

Marasmus is caused by a severe lack of food. It results in diarrhoea, wasting, and low immunity to other diseases. It is most common in children in their first year of life.

Two of several diseases resulting from a lack of vitamins are

Beri-beri due to lack of vitamin B, can lead to a wasting and paralysis of limbs.

Rickets caused by a deficiency in vitamin D , causes deformities in bones , legs and the spine.

INTERVENTION

Improved water supply , sanitation and hygiene

Health education for a healthy diet

Improved access by the poor , to adequate amount of healthy food.

Ensuring that industrial and agricultural development do not result in increased malnutrition.

Quality of life is not the same as standard of living.

The differences between quality of life and standard of living are

Examples of Quality of life

The higher the standard of living the higher the quality of life but this don’t reflect they have a good quality of life. For example; a person have high earning and flashy cars but live somewhere where there’s a lot of crime and pollution.

Different parts of the world define different meaning or ideas of quality of life.

In UK, they might think being posh, having nice house, owning a  car and having access to leisure facilities

In Ethiopia, they might think it means having clean drinking water, plenty of food and somewhere to live and no threat of violence.

GLOBAL INEQUALITIES

Map showing the MEDCs and LEDC

Factors that affect the development of the countries

1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

i) Poor Climate

Countries with poor climates (really hot or cold) they wont be able to grow much so the amount of food produced is reduced.

Malnutrition rises as the main problem e.g. Chad and Ethiopia

Countries without expenses since they have fewer crops to sell and government will get less money from taxes .

ii) Poor farming land

If the land in a country is steep (mountainous areas) or has poor soil then they wont be able to produce a lot of food.

iii) Limited Water supply

Some countries don’t have a lot of water. Examples Egypt and Jordan. This makes it harder for them to produce a lot of food.

iv) Natural Hazards

Event like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, droughts and flooding will affect the people’s live and property.

Bangladesh spend a lot of money to rebuild after the disaster. This reduce the quality of life where the government will reduce the amount of money spend on development projects.

v) Few raw materials

Countries without the raw materials like coals, oil or metal ores tend to make less money because they have got fewer products to sell.

Less money will spend on development.

Some countries do have a lot of raw materials but still aren’t very developed because they don’t have the money to develop the infrastructure to exploit them.

2. POLITICAL FACTORS

i) UNSTABLE GOVERNMENT- might not invest on healthcare, education and improving the economy.

ii) CORRUPTED GOVERNMENT- the richer gets more richer while poorer gets more poorer and have low quality of life.

iii) POLITICAL TURMOIL- wars in a country will loses the money that they could spend on development also reduce the country’s economy where people will not working, buildings are destroyed etc.

3. ECONOMIC FACTORS

i) Poor Trade links

Trade among other countries in term of exchange of good and services.

World Trade Pattern  will influence the country’s economy and so affect their level of development.

If  a country has poor trade links , it wont make a lot of money .

ii) Debts $$

Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organization to help with the aftermath of a natural disaster

Money has to pay with some interest

No money to use for economic development.

iii) An economy based on primary product

i) Drinking water

More developed countries will have clean drinking water available.

If the water is dirty, they will get ill and waterbourne disease include typhoid and cholera.

Being ill will reduce a person’s quality of life.

People cant work and will reduce the economy and cost money to treat.

ii) The place of women in society

A country will be more developed if women have an equal place with men in society.

Women who have an equal place in society are more likely to be educated and to work.

Women who are educated and work have a better quality of life and the country has more money to spend on development because there are more people contributing to the economy.

iii) Child Education

The more children that go to school (rather than work) the more developed a country will be.

Better education will get better jobs.

Being educated and have a good job improves the person’s quality of life and increase the money country country  has to spend on development.

Reducing Global Inequality

Fair Trade

Fair trade means that the producer receives a guaranteed and fair price for their product regardless of the price on the world market. This means their quality of life should improve, as well as the long-term prospects for their children.

Fair trade products sometimes cost more in supermarkets in MEDCs, but many consumers consider this a small price to pay for the benefits they bring.

Fair trade sets minimum standards for the pay and conditions of workers. The Fair Trade Organisation promotes Global Citizenship by guaranteeing a fair, minimum price for products. In this way, they support producers in improving their living conditions. About 5 million people benefit from Fair Trade in 58 countries.

Fair trade products are becoming more widespread and include tea, coffee, sugar, chocolate and cotton.

INTERNATIONAL AID

More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) have high levels of economic development compared with Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).

Many MEDCs make allowance in their domestic budgets to provide aid to LEDCs. This aid may be given as part of a planned process or as a response to an emergency.

Many charities also exist to provide aid to LEDCs.

TYPES OF AID

3.    Charitable aid - funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM.

4.    Long term or development aid - involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.

5.   Multilateral aid - given through international organisations such as the World Bank rather than by one specific country.

MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT

Year 10 E Sc.2

No

Marks 100%

1

65

2

78

3

81

4

60

5

65

6

74

7

81

8

65

9

67

10

65

11

64

12

71

13

54

Year 10 O B

No

Marks 100%

1

33

2

19

3

16

4

8

5

36

6

24

7

21

8

41

9

20

10

23

11

32

12

25

13

27

14

43

15

30

16

26

17

44

18

48

19

33

20

21

21

41

22

29

23

13

24

27

25

7

26

18

Year 10 E Sc 1

No

Marks 100%

1

73

2

71

3

70

4

73

5

76

6

70

7

84

8

77

9

87

10

45

11

73

12

75

13

78

14

62

15

69

16

79

17

67

18

77

19

59

20

64

21

67

22

77

23

75

24

77